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14 April 2020 : Original article  

A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Effect of Gout on Mortality Among Patients with a History of Kidney Transplantation

Justin W. Li1ACDEF, Marissa Suh1ACDEF, Mark D. Brigham2ADEF, Jeffrey D. Kent3ADE, Brian LaMoreaux3ADE, Richard J. Johnson4ADE, Brian F. Mandell5ADE, Nandini Hadker2ADE, Herman Sanchez2ADE, Kevin Francis2ADE, Gavin Miyasato2ACDEF*

DOI: 10.12659/AOT.920553

Ann Transplant 2020; 25:e920553

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation is associated with increased prevalence of gout. However, evidence of the effect of gout on long-term kidney transplantation outcomes is mixed. This study examined mortality risk among patients with a history of kidney transplantation with vs. without gout.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using Medicare Fee-for-Service administrative claims of patients with a history of kidney transplantation. Cox proportional hazards models determined the effect of gout on all-cause mortality, controlling for confounders, including comorbid mortality risk, via the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Because the relationships between gout and components of the Charlson Comorbidity Index are also debated, 3 different model assumptions were used: 1) gout shares a common cause with these comorbidities, 2) gout is upstream of these comorbidities, 3) the effect of gout on mortality is modified by these comorbidities.

RESULTS: Gout increased the risk of all-cause mortality in the unadjusted model (hazard ratio: 1.44, 95% CI 1.27–1.63) and after adjustment for demographics and transplant vintage (hazard ratio: 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.32). Gout was not a significant risk after adjustment for baseline Charlson Comorbidity Index (hazard ratio: 1.03, 95% CI 0.90–1.17). Gout was associated with greater mortality among patients without baseline comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index=0; hazard ratio: 3.48, 95% CI 1.27–9.57) in the stratified model.

CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with a history of kidney transplantation, gout did not have an independent effect on all-cause mortality. However, gout was a predictor of mortality among patients with no comorbidities, suggesting that gout is an early warning sign of poor health in kidney transplantation patients.

Keywords: Comorbidity, gout, Kidney Transplantation, Medicare, Mortality, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Survival Rate, United States

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Annals of Transplantation eISSN: 2329-0358
Annals of Transplantation eISSN: 2329-0358